Information on the human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 virus which infects white blood cells including the geographic range of the disease, symptoms, how it is spread, not breastfeeding if you have htlv1, how to protect again htlv1, the lack of treatment, the low risk of htlv1 transmission by blood transfusion, and htlv1 testing. Sharing needles, syringes or other equipment used for injecting drugs sexual contact. Type 1 htlv is irregularly distributed throughout the world, as opposed to type 2 virus, which is a new world virus, more common among americans in north, central, and south america. In the 25 years since the discovery of htlv i, htlv i infection and its associated diseases have been extensively studied, and many of their aspects have been clarified.
Htlv1 infects cd4 cells and is an interesting proxy for hiv1. Htlv 2 was first isolated from a patient with tlymphocytic hairy cell leukemia but has not been unequivocally proven to. Htlv1 subtype b predominates in equatorial africa, sharing 98% homology with the p. Htlv1 discovered in the late seventy at the nih in 1980, is transmitted through breast feeding, transplacentally, sexually and by blood transfusion and organ transplants. Identification, surveillance, and administration of personnel. Htlv 1 is a retrovirus that has infected 1020 million people worldwide, and is considered the first retrovirus to be causal for adult tcell leukemia atl. Youve never heard of this virus and its harder to cure than whiteness. The clinical entity of adult tcell leukemia atl was established around 1977, and human tcell leukemia virus type 1 htlv i was subsequently identified in 1980. The human tcell lymphotropic viruses retroviruses, htlv i and htlv ii, are uncommon in the general u. Humaan tlymfotroopvirus 1 humaan tcelleukemievirus type 1 htlv 1. Htlviii definition of htlviii by medical dictionary.
Identification, surveillance, and administration of personnel infected with human immunodeficiency virus this administrative revision, dated 27 june 2014o modifies copy of da form 5669 fig 41. A 56 year old male was referred to command hospital southern. If human tcell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 htlv1 2 antibody by eia is reactive, then htlv1 2 antibody confirmation by line immunoassay lia will be performed at an additional charge. Pdf htlvi coinfection in a hiv1infected peruvian population. Six different htlv 1 subclasses exist, and each subtype is endemic to a particular region. Htlv 1 is present throughout the world with clusters of high endemicity in southern japan, the. Recommendations for counseling persons infected with human. Today, the virus is found around the world, infecting around 10 to 20 million people, though some parts of the world are worse affected than others. The human tlymphotropic virus, human tcell lymphotropic virus, or human t cell. However, htlv1 is also more prevalent in idus from brazil and new york 3. The patient was diagnosed with acute adult tcell leukemialymphoma atll and admitted for chemotherapy cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, vincristine, and prednisone. Human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 is an important human retrovirus that is a cause of adult tcell leukemialymphoma. Human tcell leukemia virus type 2 genetic and rare. Association between htlv1 infection and adverse health.
Reports have documented kidney, liver, and lung transplant transmission of htlv 1. Htlv 1 is a very old virus, which appears to have infected and moved with humans for hundreds, if not thousands of years. The aap recommends that those who are htlv i or htlv ii positive should not breastfeed or donate breastmilk. The abbott prism htlvi htlvii assay is an in vitro chemiluminescent immunoassay chlia for the qualitative detection of antibodies to human tlymphotropic virus type i andor human tlymphotropic virus type ii antihtlvi htlvii in human serum and plasma specimens. Iatrogenic transmission of human t cell lymphotropic virus. Human tcell leukemia virus type i htlvi is the causative virus of adult tcell leukemia atl and inflammatory disease, htlviassociated myelopathy hamtropical spastic paraparesis tsp. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 is transmitted through exposure to contaminated blood, through sexual contact, and from a mother who has the virus to her child at birth or through breastfeeding via breast milk. Sep 25, 2007 htvl 1 is a species of human tlymphotropic virus. Human tcell leukemia virus type 1 htlv 1, the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection is usually neglected in health care settings and by public health authorities. A rare case of adult t cell leukemialymphoma springerlink. Studies on htlv 1 have been instrumental for our understanding of the molecular pathology of virus induced.
Htlv2 appears to be much more prevalent than htlv1 in this population in north america and europe, presumably because of an epidemic in the 1960s and 1970s 33 35. Communique from the human tlymphotropic virus type1 collaborative forum august 2018 click here for coverage by the guardian collaborative forum on htlv1 alice springs 2018. A clinicians, scientists and activists representatives perspective collaborative forum on htlv1 alice springs 2018. Aug 20, 2019 in 1979, human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv was isolated in a patient with adult cutaneous tcell lymphoma atl. Htlv1 is an abbreviation for human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1, also. Transmission of human tlymphotropic virus types i and ii by blood transfusion. The three main transmission modes are from mother to child, sexual, and via blood transfusion or organ transplantation iarc 2012. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 exposures following. Htlv 1 is an abbreviation for human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1, also called human tcell leukemia type 1, a virus that has been implicated in several kinds of diseases, including tropical spastic paraparesis, and as a virus cancer link for leukemia see adult tcell leukemialymphoma. Mothertochild transmission of human tcell lymphotropic. Pdf molecular studies of htlv1 in a newly recognized high. Htlv human tlymphotropic virus can be discovered through a blood test when specific rare diseases are present that affect the white blood cells that are a foundational component of the human immune response. It is a retrovirus, in the same class of virus as the aids virus, hiv 1. Recent research on the molecular virology and immunology of htlv 1.
Human tcell virus type 1 htlv1 is well recognized as the cause of tropical spastic paraparesis tsp, disease that is also known as htlv1associated myelopathy ham. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 induces hiv viral replication and the transition from m to ttropic hiv phenotype, which is often a marker of hiv disease progression. Human tcell leukemia virus type 1 genetic and rare. Dec 10, 2014 human tcell leukemia virus, type 1 htlv1 is a retroviral infection that affect the t cells a type of white blood cell. Human t lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv1 proviral load in asymptomatic carriers, htlv1 associated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis, and other neurological abnormalities associated with htlv1infection.
Despite the serious health problem caused by infection with all htlv1 subtypes, infection by these viruses has become a neglected condition and only palliative. The human tlymphotropic virus 1 htlv 1 was the first retrovirus identified, even before the human immunodeficiency virus initially called htlv 3. Htlvi coinfection in a hiv1infected peruvian population. The human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 was described in 1980 as the first human retrovirus, isolated from a patient with cutaneous tcell lymphoma. Detection is most commonly through measurement of anti htlv1 antibodies, but can also involve measurement of viral rna or dna in peripheral mononuclear blood cells allowing measure ment of proviral load or in vitro culture of the virus. Human papilloma virus hpv is known to cause cervical cancer and head and neck cancer and has been proposed to play a role in breast cancer. Htlv1 is the only known retrovirus to directly cause cancer in humans. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 or human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlv i, also called the adult tcell lymphoma virus type 1, is a retrovirus of the human tlymphotropic virus htlv family that has been implicated in several kinds of diseases including very aggressive adult tcell lymphoma atl, htlv iassociated myelopathy, uveitis, strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection and. Human tlymphotropic virus type i and ii htlv1, htlv2. Although most htlv1infected people remain asymptomatic throughout their lives, approximately 3% develop adult t cell leukemialymphoma. The human t lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv1 is estimated to infect between 10 and 20 million people world wide. Inflammatory manifestations of htlv1 and their therapeutic options expert rev. Preferential selection of human tcell leukemia virus type i. Htlv2 was first isolated from a patient with tlymphocytic hairy cell leukemia but has not been unequivocally proven to be a pathogen.
Htlv1 is spread by blood transfusions, sexual contact and sharing needles. Human tcell leukemia virus1 htlv1 is the first pathogenic human retrovirus discovered in 1980. Htlv1 infections charles r m bangham abstract human t lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 causes disabling and fatal diseases, yet there is no vaccine, no satisfactory treatment, and no means of assessing the risk of disease or prognosis in infected people. Htlvassociated myelopathy hamtsp and adult tcell leukemialymphoma atll were the first diseases to be related to this retrovirus. This virus affects the tcells and when present, is often an underlying cause of lymphoma, leukemia, or other nervous system disorders. Aug 20, 2019 primo j, siqueira i, nascimento mc, et al. Currently, an estimated 1020 million people worldwide are infected with this virus. Epidemiology of human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1. Tspham is an upper motor neuron syndrome that primarily affects the lower extremities. Human t cell leukemia virus type 1 htlv1 was the first discovered human retrovirus and the etiologic agent of adult tcell leukemia and.
Htlv1, however is a cellassociated virus, requiring the transfer of whole cells for infection to occur, and is therefore less efficient at transmission than hiv. The primerdesign genesig kit for human tlymphotropic virus 1 htlv 1 genomes is designed for the in vitro quantification of htlv 1 genomes. The prevalence of infection with human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv1 in blood donors from israel is 1 infection100,000 persons. In endemic areas for htlv1, approximately 25% of infants breastfed by htlv1 seropositive mothers acquire the infection. Method name a short description of the method used to perform the test. Oct 01, 2010 htlv1 seems to have been transmitted during prophylactic injections of pentamidine. Human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlv1 is a member of the deltatype. High htlv 1 proviral load, a marker for htlv 1 associated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis, is also detected in patients with infective dermatitis associated with htlv 1.
Antibody to htlv1 release panel 1 101888 october 18, 1988. Human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv1 and adult tcell. In donors originating from eastern europe, the middle east, and latin america, prevalences are 7. Transmission of htlv1 requires celltocell contact, as the virus is unstable outside of cells. Abbreviation for human tcell lymphotropic virus type iii. Studies on htlv 1 have been instrumental for our understanding of the molecular pathology of virus induced cancers. Hiv htlv1 coinfection is associated with accelerated progression to aids and worse outcomes of hivrelated opportunistic infections. If arup consult does not answer your test selection and interpretation questions, or if youd like to suggest ways to improve content or usability, please leave a message for the arup clinical content team. While an important human pathogen, the details regarding virus replication cycle, including the nature of htlv 1 particles, remain largely unknown due to the difficulties in propagating the virus in tissue culture. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 is a human retrovirus that causes a lifelong infection.
Human tcell leukemia virus type 1 genetic and rare diseases nih. Htlv 1 is the etiological agent of an adult tcell leukemia atl and can lead to a variety of neurological pathologies, including htlv 1. Human t cell lymphotropic virus htlv aware htlv home. Human tcell lymphotropic virus types i and ii htlv i and htlv ii are closely related exogenous human retroviruses. Prior to routine donor blood screening, htlv1 infected blood transfusions were associated with high rates of transmission 1, 2, and higher rates of seropositivity were seen in those with a history of injection drug use 3. It is believed that the htlv1 provirus becomes clonally integrated in these.
Htlv i is associated with a rare form of blood dsycrasia known as adult tcell leukemialymphoma atll and a myelopathy, tropical spastic paresis. O virus linfotropico da celula t humana em ingles htlv ou human t lymphotropic virus 1 e um virus pertencente a familia retroviridae, a mesma do hiv, porem pertencente ao genero deltaretrovius. Areas of the world that are endemic to the htlv 1 virus are the caribbean, southern japan, equatorial africa, middle east, south america, and melanesia. The human tcell leukemia virus type 1 htlv 1, identified as the first human oncogenic retrovirus 30 years ago, is not an ubiquitous virus. Recommendations for counseling persons infected with human t. He donated blood in 2001 and was found to be seropositive for human tcell leukemia lymphoma type 1 htlv1 virus. Human tlymphotropic virus types i, ii htlv i, ii arup. Viruses currently listed in the roc include human papillomaviruses. Htlv i infection is endemic in southwestern japan, the caribbean basin, melanesia, and parts of africa, where. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 or human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlvi, also called the adult tcell lymphoma virus type 1, is a retrovirus of the. Human tcell leukemia virus type 1 htlv1 was the first human retrovirus discovered. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 and its oncogenesis. It is an ancient virus common to indigenous populations worldwide.
Htlv type i and type ii nord national organization for. This led to the discovery of the first htlv, designated htlv 1, and marked the beginning of the human retrovirus era. Human tlymphotropic virus 1 an overview sciencedirect. Doctors raise alarm about ancient htlv1 virus in australia. The human tlymphotropic virus, human tcell lymphotropic virus, or human tcell. Army medical research and development command fort detrick, frederick, maryland 217015012 contract no. The vast majority of persons infected with htlv i do not develop any disease due to htlv i. Virus linfotropico da celula t humana wikipedia, a. Director, center for biologics evaluation and research, fda subject. Hospital and laboratory data indicate that human t.
Human tcell leukaemia virus 1 htlv 1 is the most potent carcinogenic oncovirus and potentially the most oncogenic risk factor including chemical carcinogens. Silva mt, harab rc, leite ac, schor d, araujo a, andradaserpa mj. Human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 was first isolated from a patient with a tcell malignancy in 1979. Recommendations for counseling persons infected with human tlymphotrophic virus, types i and ii summary. Htlv1 is spread from an infected person to other people by. Stlv 1 is found in old world monkeys and great apes. Approximately 25% of htlv i carriers will develop atl. Evidence shows that the virus is spread more easily from a man to a woman, than from a woman to a man.
Human tcell leukemia virus type 1 htlv1, the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection. They appear to be most prevalent among iv drug users and persons who have multiple sex partners, genital ulcers, or a history of syphilis. Technical report geographical distribution of areas with a high prevalence of htlv 1 infection 3 background in 1980, htlv 1 human tcell leukaemialymphoma virus type 1 was the first oncogenic human retrovirus to be discovered. Aug 20, 2010 human tlymphotropic virus 1 htlv 1 is divided into 4 subtypes.
Adult tcell leukemialymphoma atll is a highly aggressive peripheral tcell neoplasm that develops only after longterm chronic infections with human tcell leukemia virus 1 htlv 1. An assay for human tlymphotropic virus 1 htlv 1 was positive. Htlv ii infection is particularly common in iv drug abusers, and has been found in clusters among certain south american indians. Human t cell leukemia virus, type 1 htlv1 is a retroviral infection that affect the t cells a type of white blood cell. More rarely, htlv i may lead to arthropathy, uveitis inflammation of the eye, pneumonitis and thyroid problems. Several diseases, including an aggressive form of leukaemia, have been designated as associated with htlv 1, whereby having htlv 1 is a necessary condition for diagnosis. Anticorpi anti htlv virusul leucemiei cu celule t a.
Antibody to human t cell lymphotropic virus, type i. Although this virus generally causes no signs or symptoms, scientists suspect that some affected people may later develop neurological problems andor chronic lung infections. Studies on htlv1 have been instrumental for our understanding of the molecular pathology of virusinduced. The rates of human tcell leukemia virus type 1, or htlv 1, infection are exceeding 40% among adults in remote regions of central australia, with indigenous communities being the hardest hit. It is a retrovirus that infects a type of white blood cell called a tcell or tlymphocyte. Cancercausing htlv1 virus common in parts of australia. Human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 is an organism that infects tlymphocytes a type of white blood cell in the body. Htlv i was first isolated in 1980 from a patient with a cutaneous tcell lymphoma, while htlv ii was identified from a patient with hairy cell leukemia in 1982.
Human tlymphotropic virus 1 is a singlestranded rna virus of the deltaretrovirus genus. A cosmopolitan b central african group c melanesian group d new central african group description and significance. Human tcell leukemia virus type i htlvi infection and the. Human tcell leukemia virus, type 1 htlv1 occurs when a person is infected by the human tcell leukemia retrovirus. Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human tcell. Comparative virology of htlv1 and htlv2 retrovirology full text. He was last tested in 2008 and was elisa and western blot positive for htlv1. The human tlymphotropic viruses, type i htlv i and type ii htlv ii, are closely related but distinct retroviruses that can infect humans.
Htlv 1 is present throughout the world, with clusters. Dec 31, 2014 human tcell leukemia virus, type 2 htlv2 is a retroviral infection that affect the t cells a type of white blood cell. Human tlymphotropic virus causes leukemia as well as other diseases. Studies on htlv1 have been instrumental for our understanding of the molecular pathology of virusinduced cancers. It can also be spread from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. Pd1pdl1 expression in human tcell leukemia virus type. Many studies have since been conducted, and our understanding of the epidemiology of htlv 1 has made good progress.
Although this virus generally causes no signs or symptoms, some affected people may later develop adult tcell leukemia atl, htlv1 associated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis hamtsp or other medical conditions. A retrospective study of recipients of blood components 1983 through 1988. Human tcell leukemia virus type 1 htlv 1 was the first human retrovirus discovered. Screening transplant donors for htlv 1 and 2 blood. Geographical distribution of areas with a high prevalence. Humaan tlymfotroopvirus 1 humaan tcelleukemievirus type 1. Phylogeography of human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlv1. Sullivan mt, williams ae, fang ct, grandinetti t, poiesz bj, ehrlich gd. Pdf the report summarizes the first year of contract of the research aimed to define newly recognized high risk population for htlvi infection. Human tlymphotropic virus simple english wikipedia, the. The virus appears to remain in the body throughout life without causing any harm at all. Louis, missouri 63110 h approved for public release. Qualitative screening detection of human tcell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 htlv 1 and htlv 2specific antibodies with confirmation and differentiation between htlv 1 and htlv 2 infection reflex tests lists tests that may or may not be performed, at an additional charge, depending on the result and interpretation of the initial tests. The american red cross htlv iii collaborative study group.
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